Surgery

General surgery as implied by its name, encompasses a wide range of operative procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseases affecting various regions of the body. Its scope extends to areas such as the skin, breasts, abdomen, peripheral vasculature, and head and neck. Within this specialty, particular attention may be given to the abdominal viscera, including the small and large bowels, liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, pancreas, appendix, spleen, and the stomach. The medical professionals responsible for performing these procedures are known as general surgeons. They play a crucial role in the entire process, from diagnosis to operative care, covering the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages of surgery.

Vascular surgery is a specialized medical field that addresses diseases affecting the vascular system, including conditions of the arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. It entails the diagnosis and treatment of disorders impacting blood vessels, excluding those of the heart and brain. Treatment modalities encompass both endovascular and open surgery. Vascular surgeons, highly trained specialists, concentrate on preserving and restoring blood flow in the vascular system through surgical and non-surgical interventions to manage conditions affecting arteries and veins throughout the body.

Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, encompasses various types of surgical procedures performed with the assistance of robotic systems. This technology allows doctors to execute a wide range of complex procedures with enhanced precision, flexibility, and control compared to traditional techniques. Typically associated with minimally invasive surgery, which involves small incisions, robotic surgery utilizes a clinical robotic system comprising a camera arm and mechanical arms with attached surgical instruments. The surgeon, situated at a computer console near the operating table, controls these robotic arms. The console provides the surgeon with a high-definition, magnified, 3D view of the surgical site. The surgeon leads a team of other professionals who assist during the operation.

Pediatric surgery is a medical specialty dedicated to the surgical treatment of infants, children, and adolescents, encompassing even those under the age of one, including babies. Pediatric surgeons are the healthcare professionals responsible for performing these treatments, developing pre-operative plans based on the results of the patient's physical examination. The most common surgical procedures of childhood are those related to the ear, nose, and throat they are tonsillectomies, adenoidectomies, and tympanostomy tube placement, all usually performed by otolaryngologists.

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that involves the removal of hair follicles from a designated part of the body, known as the 'donor site,' and their transplantation to a bald or balding area, referred to as the 'recipient site.' Primarily utilized to address male pattern baldness, this technique can also be applied to restore hair in regions such as eyelashes, eyebrows, beard, chest, pubic area, and to fill in scars resulting from accidents or previous surgeries, such as face-lifts and prior hair transplants.

Dental surgery is a facet of dentistry, a branch of medicine that deals with the health of teeth, gums, and the oral cavity. Dentists, as practitioners of dentistry, are involved in the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, and study of conditions, disorders, and diseases within the oral cavity. This encompasses the oral mucosa, dentition, and all related tissues and structures, including the jaw and the facial or maxillofacial area. While dentistry and dental surgery are commonly associated with fixing teeth from a public perspective, the field extends beyond tooth-related procedures. Dental medicine encompasses various aspects of the craniofacial complex, such as the temporomandibular structure and other supporting structures. Consequently, dental surgery procedures go beyond routine dental issues, including tasks like root canals and the extraction of impacted wisdom teeth.

Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, also known as ENT surgery, is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that focuses on the surgical and medical management of conditions affecting the head and neck, ears, nose, and throat. Practitioners specializing in this field are referred to as otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons. Surgeries within this specialty may be necessary to address a variety of conditions, ranging from congenital anomalies to infections, tumors, and functional issues. These commonly involve functional diseases that impact the senses and activities such as eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing.

Orthopedic surgery is a specialized branch that concentrates on diagnosing, treating, preventing, and rehabilitating injuries and disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system. This system comprises bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. Orthopedic surgeons, medical professionals with expertise in both surgical and non-surgical interventions, are dedicated to addressing various musculoskeletal conditions.

Urology is among the most diverse branches of surgery, covering diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and prostate, including conditions such as incontinence, impotence, infertility, cancer, and the reconstruction of the genitourinary tract. Urologists, specialized surgeons in this field, conduct a variety of procedures to address a wide range of urological issues. Catering to patients of all ages and genders, from newborn infants to elderly pensioners, urology recognizes the interconnectedness of the urinary and reproductive tracts, acknowledging that disorders in one often impact the other.

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to physically reach into a subject's body in order to investigate or treat pathological conditions such as a disease or injury, to alter bodily functions to improve appearance or to remove/replace unwanted tissues or foreign bodies. The subject receiving the surgery is typically a person but can also be a non-human animal

Cancer Surgery is a diverse group of diseases characterized by the rapid division of abnormal cells that can potentially spread to other tissues and organs, forming tumors. These rapidly proliferating cells may interfere with the normal functioning of the body. Cancer surgery involves an operation or procedure to remove a tumor from the body and surrounding tissues, aiming to prevent the spread of cancer cells. This type of surgery is usually carried out by a surgical oncologist, a specialized surgeon with expertise in cancer surgery.

• Mastectomy
• Craniotomy
• Hysterectomy
• Lobectomy
• Gastrectomy
• Cystectomy

Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure in which one person (the donor) undergoes the removal of organs, tissues, or a group of cells, which are then surgically transplanted into another person (the recipient), or relocated from one site to another within the same individual. Organs and tissues transplanted within the same person's body are referred to as autografts. Transplants performed recently between two subjects of the same species are termed allografts. Successfully transplanted organs include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus, and uterus. Tissues that can be transplanted encompass bones, tendons (collectively known as musculoskeletal grafts), corneas, skin, heart valves, nerves, and veins. Globally, kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty that encompasses the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be categorized into two main types: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery is focused on rebuilding a part of the body or enhancing its functionality, often in response to illness, trauma, or a birth disorder. On the other hand, cosmetic surgery is aimed at enhancing the appearance of a body part.

A Cesarean section, also known as C-section or cesarean delivery, is a surgical procedure through which one or more babies are delivered via an incision in the mother's abdomen. This procedure is often chosen when a vaginal delivery poses a risk to the baby or mother. Reasons for opting for a C-section include obstructed labor, twin pregnancy, and high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, shoulder presentation, and complications involving the placenta or umbilical cord. Obstetricians (doctor specializing in the care of pregnant women before, during, and after birth) and some family physicians perform C-sections.

Track 05: Bariatric Surgery   

Bariatric surgery, also known as metabolic surgery, is a medical term describing various procedures used to manage obesity and related conditions. It involves modifying the digestive system to facilitate weight loss. Bariatric surgery is considered when conventional approaches such as diet and exercise prove ineffective or when serious health issues arise due to excess weight. Long-term weight loss through bariatric surgery is achieved by altering gut hormones, physically reducing stomach size, and decreasing nutrient absorption. In addition to weight reduction, these procedures also lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, depression syndromes, among other conditions.

• Adjustable gastric banding (AGB)     
• Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
• Biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch (BPD-DS)
• Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG)

Cardiac surgery is a medical specialty focused on the surgical treatment of pathologies related to the heart and thoracic aorta. This complex field requires specialized expertise from cardiac surgeons, and the procedures involved can significantly enhance heart function and circulation, providing patients with a renewed lease on life. Cardiac surgery is commonly employed to address complications arising from ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and various causes of valvular heart disease, such as endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, cardiac surgery encompasses heart transplantation.

• Arrhythmia surgery
• Trans myocardial revascularization
• Coronary artery bypass surgery
• Aortic valve surgery
• Aneurysm repair

Ophthalmic surgery, also known as ocular surgery, is conducted on the eye and its adnexa. This specialized field is a component of ophthalmology and is typically carried out by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. Procedures in ophthalmic surgery can be elective, such as refractive surgery to correct vision, or essential for the treatment of various eye conditions and diseases. The use of lasers is particularly well-suited for ophthalmic surgery, offering a non-contact method for interacting with the cornea and even the interior of the eye, including the lens and retina.

Neurosurgery involves the diagnosis, assessment, and surgical management of disorders affecting the nervous system. Neurosurgeons perform operations on the brain, spine, and nerves in the limbs or extremities, treating patients across all age groups, from newborns with congenital neurological abnormalities to elderly individuals recovering from a stroke. In neurology, diagnostic and evaluative tools include imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and angiograms.