Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to physically reach into a subject's body in order to investigate or treat pathological conditions such as a disease or injury, to alter bodily functions to improve appearance or to remove/replace unwanted tissues or foreign bodies. The subject receiving the surgery is typically a person but can also be a non-human animal.

Neurosurgery involves the diagnosis, assessment, and surgical management of disorders affecting the nervous system. Neurosurgeons perform operations on the brain, spine, and nerves in the limbs or extremities, treating patients across all age groups, from newborns with congenital neurological abnormalities to elderly individuals recovering from a stroke. In neurology, diagnostic and evaluative tools include imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and angiograms.

• Discectomy
• Laminectomy
• Skull base surgery
• Traumatology
• Posterolateral lumbar fusion

Ophthalmic Treatment, also known as ocular surgery, is conducted on the eye and its adnexa. This specialized field is a component of ophthalmology and is typically carried out by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. Procedures in ophthalmic surgery can be elective, such as refractive surgery to correct vision, or essential for the treatment of various eye conditions and diseases. The use of lasers is particularly well-suited for ophthalmic surgery, offering a non-contact method for interacting with the cornea and even the interior of the eye, including the lens and retina.

Cardiac surgery is a medical specialty focused on the surgical treatment of pathologies related to the heart and thoracic aorta. This complex field requires specialized expertise from cardiac surgeons, and the procedures involved can significantly enhance heart function and circulation, providing patients with a renewed lease on life. Cardiac surgery is commonly employed to address complications arising from ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and various causes of valvular heart disease, such as endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, cardiac surgery encompasses heart transplantation.

• Arrhythmia surgery
• Trans myocardial revascularization
• Coronary artery bypass surgery
• Aortic valve surgery
• Aneurysm repair

General anesthesia is a medical state induced for surgery or other medical procedures. It involves a controlled state of unconsciousness, where the patient is completely unaware and unresponsive to pain and other sensations. General anesthesia is typically administered by an anesthesiologist or a nurse anesthetist. The process usually involves the administration of drugs through inhalation or intravenous injection. These drugs act on the central nervous system, causing a temporary loss of consciousness and muscle relaxation. Throughout the procedure, the patient's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels, are closely monitored to ensure safety.

Bariatric surgery, also known as metabolic surgery, is a medical term describing various procedures used to manage obesity and related conditions. It involves modifying the digestive system to facilitate weight loss. Bariatric surgery is considered when conventional approaches such as diet and exercise prove ineffective or when serious health issues arise due to excess weight. Long-term weight loss through bariatric surgery is achieved by altering gut hormones, physically reducing stomach size, and decreasing nutrient absorption. In addition to weight reduction, these procedures also lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, depression syndromes, among other conditions.

• Adjustable gastric banding (AGB)     
• Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
• Biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch (BPD-DS)
• Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG)

A Cesarean section, also known as C-section or cesarean delivery, is a surgical procedure through which one or more babies are delivered via an incision in the mother's abdomen. This procedure is often chosen when a vaginal delivery poses a risk to the baby or mother. Reasons for opting for a C-section include obstructed labor, twin pregnancy, and high blood pressure in the mother, breech birth, shoulder presentation, and complications involving the placenta or umbilical cord. Obstetricians (doctor specializing in the care of pregnant women before, during, and after birth) and some family physicians perform C-sections.

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty that encompasses the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be categorized into two main types: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery is focused on rebuilding a part of the body or enhancing its functionality, often in response to illness, trauma, or a birth disorder. On the other hand, cosmetic surgery is aimed at enhancing the appearance of a body part.

• Craniosynostosis
• Oral and maxillofacial  surgery
• Breast augmentation
• Abdominoplasty
• Dermabrasion/ derma planing

Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure in which one person (the donor) undergoes the removal of organs, tissues, or a group of cells, which are then surgically transplanted into another person (the recipient), or relocated from one site to another within the same individual. Organs and tissues transplanted within the same person's body are referred to as autografts. Transplants performed recently between two subjects of the same species are termed allografts. Successfully transplanted organs include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, thymus, and uterus. Tissues that can be transplanted encompass bones, tendons (collectively known as musculoskeletal grafts), corneas, skin, heart valves, nerves, and veins. Globally, kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.

Minimally Invasive Surgery Techniques, often referred to as MIS, have revolutionized the field of surgery by offering patients less invasive alternatives to traditional open surgeries. These techniques utilize small incisions and specialized instruments, such as laparoscopes or endoscopes, to access and operate on internal organs or tissues. By minimizing the size of incisions, MIS reduces trauma to surrounding tissues, leading to quicker recovery times, shorter hospital stays, and reduced post-operative pain compared to conventional procedures. Moreover, MIS techniques often result in less scarring and lower rates of complications, making them an increasingly preferred option across various surgical specialties including orthopedics, gynecology, and urology.

Cancer Treatment is a diverse group of diseases characterized by the rapid division of abnormal cells that can potentially spread to other tissues and organs, forming tumors. These rapidly proliferating cells may interfere with the normal functioning of the body. Cancer surgery involves an operation or procedure to remove a tumor from the body and surrounding tissues, aiming to prevent the spread of cancer cells. This type of surgery is usually carried out by a surgical oncologist, a specialized surgeon with expertise in cancer surgery.

• Mastectomy
• Craniotomy
• Hysterectomy
• Lobectomy
• Gastrectomy
• Cystectomy

Gynecological surgery pertains to procedures involving the female reproductive system, encompassing the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Typically performed by gynecologists, these surgeries serve various purposes, including the diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to the reproductive system, such as disorders, cancer, infertility, and other medical issues. Additionally, surgeons

Specializing in gynecology may also conduct procedures on the urinary tract.

• Hysterectomy
• Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy (TLH)
• Laparoscopic Supra cervical Hysterectomy (LSH)
• Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH)
• Colposcopy
• Pelvic Floor Repair

Urology is among the most diverse branches of surgery, covering diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and prostate, including conditions such as incontinence, impotence, infertility, cancer, and the reconstruction of the genitourinary tract. Urologists, specialized surgeons in this field, conduct a variety of procedures to address a wide range of urological issues. Catering to patients of all ages and genders, from newborn infants to elderly pensioners, urology recognizes the interconnectedness of the urinary and reproductive tracts, acknowledging that disorders in one often impact the other.

Orthopedic Procedure surgery is a specialized branch that concentrates on diagnosing, treating, preventing, and rehabilitating injuries and disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system. This system comprises bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. Orthopedic surgeons, medical professionals with expertise in both surgical and non-surgical interventions, are dedicated to addressing various musculoskeletal conditions.

Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, also known as ENT surgery, is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that focuses on the surgical and medical management of conditions affecting the head and neck, ears, nose, and throat. Practitioners specializing in this field are referred to as otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons. Surgeries within this specialty may be necessary to address a variety of conditions, ranging from congenital anomalies to infections, tumors, and functional issues. These commonly involve functional diseases that impact the senses and activities such as eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing.

Dental surgery is a facet of dentistry, a branch of medicine that deals with the health of teeth, gums, and the oral cavity. Dentists, as practitioners of dentistry, are involved in the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, and study of conditions, disorders, and diseases within the oral cavity. This encompasses the oral mucosa, dentition, and all related tissues and structures, including the jaw and the facial or maxillofacial area. While dentistry and dental surgery are commonly associated with fixing teeth from a public perspective, the field extends beyond tooth-related procedures. Dental medicine encompasses various aspects of the craniofacial complex, such as the temporomandibular structure and other supporting structures.

Robotic surgery, also known as robot-assisted surgery, encompasses various types of surgical procedures performed with the assistance of robotic systems. This technology allows doctors to execute a wide range of complex procedures with enhanced precision, flexibility, and control compared to traditional techniques. Typically associated with minimally invasive surgery, which involves small incisions, robotic surgery utilizes a clinical robotic system comprising a camera arm and mechanical arms with attached surgical instruments. The surgeon, situated at a computer console near the operating table, controls these robotic arms. The console provides the surgeon with a high-definition, magnified, 3D view of the surgical site. The surgeon leads a team of other professionals who assist during the operation.

General surgery as implied by its name, encompasses a wide range of operative procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseases affecting various regions of the body. Its scope extends to areas such as the skin, breasts, abdomen, peripheral vasculature, and head and neck. Within this specialty, particular attention may be given to the abdominal viscera, including the small and large bowels, liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, pancreas, appendix, spleen, and the stomach. The medical professionals responsible for performing these procedures are known as general surgeons. They play a crucial role in the entire process, from diagnosis to operative care, covering the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages of surgery.

Nanotechnology applications in surgery represent a frontier of innovation, offering promising solutions to address various challenges in surgical practice. By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as their small size, high surface area-to-volume ratio, and tunable physicochemical properties, researchers are developing novel approaches to enhance diagnostics, therapeutics, and surgical interventions. Nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanocomposites can be engineered to serve as targeted drug delivery vehicles, allowing for precise delivery of therapeutic agents to specific tissues or cells while minimizing systemic side effects. Furthermore, nanotechnology enables the development of advanced biomaterials with enhanced mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and bioactivity, which are used in tissue engineering, wound healing, and regenerative medicine applications.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly playing a pivotal role in surgical decision-making, revolutionizing the field of medicine. Through the analysis of vast amounts of data from patient records, medical imaging, and surgical procedures, AI algorithms can provide surgeons with valuable insights and recommendations. By leveraging machine learning techniques, AI systems can identify patterns, predict outcomes, and assist surgeons in making more informed decisions during preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative care. These AI-driven tools can help optimize surgical workflows, enhance precision, and improve patient safety by reducing the risk of errors and complications. Moreover, AI-enabled decision support systems have the potential to personalize treatment approaches, tailoring interventions to individual patient characteristics and optimizing surgical outcomes. As AI continues to advance, its integration into surgical practice holds the promise of transforming healthcare delivery, leading to more efficient, effective, and patient-centered surgical care.